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<li class="breadcrumb-item active">‘virt’ generic virtual platform (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">virt</span></code>)</li>
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<section id="virt-generic-virtual-platform-virt">
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<h1>‘virt’ generic virtual platform (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">virt</span></code>)<a class="headerlink" href="#virt-generic-virtual-platform-virt" title="Link to this heading"></a></h1>
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<p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">virt</span></code> board is a platform which does not correspond to any
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real hardware; it is designed for use in virtual machines.
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It is the recommended board type if you simply want to run
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a guest such as Linux and do not care about reproducing the
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idiosyncrasies and limitations of a particular bit of real-world
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hardware.</p>
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<p>This is a “versioned” board model, so as well as the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">virt</span></code> machine
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type itself (which may have improvements, bugfixes and other minor
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changes between QEMU versions) a version is provided that guarantees
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to have the same behaviour as that of previous QEMU releases, so
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that VM migration will work between QEMU versions. For instance the
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<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">virt-5.0</span></code> machine type will behave like the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">virt</span></code> machine from
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the QEMU 5.0 release, and migration should work between <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">virt-5.0</span></code>
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of the 5.0 release and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">virt-5.0</span></code> of the 5.1 release. Migration
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is not guaranteed to work between different QEMU releases for
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the non-versioned <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">virt</span></code> machine type.</p>
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<section id="supported-devices">
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<h2>Supported devices<a class="headerlink" href="#supported-devices" title="Link to this heading"></a></h2>
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<p>The virt board supports:</p>
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<ul class="simple">
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<li><p>PCI/PCIe devices</p></li>
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<li><p>Flash memory</p></li>
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<li><p>One PL011 UART</p></li>
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<li><p>An RTC</p></li>
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<li><p>The fw_cfg device that allows a guest to obtain data from QEMU</p></li>
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<li><p>A PL061 GPIO controller</p></li>
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<li><p>An optional SMMUv3 IOMMU</p></li>
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<li><p>hotpluggable DIMMs</p></li>
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<li><p>hotpluggable NVDIMMs</p></li>
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<li><p>An MSI controller (GICv2M or ITS). GICv2M is selected by default along
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with GICv2. ITS is selected by default with GICv3 (>= virt-2.7). Note
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that ITS is not modeled in TCG mode.</p></li>
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<li><p>32 virtio-mmio transport devices</p></li>
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<li><p>running guests using the KVM accelerator on aarch64 hardware</p></li>
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<li><p>large amounts of RAM (at least 255GB, and more if using highmem)</p></li>
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<li><p>many CPUs (up to 512 if using a GICv3 and highmem)</p></li>
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<li><p>Secure-World-only devices if the CPU has TrustZone:</p>
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<ul>
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<li><p>A second PL011 UART</p></li>
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<li><p>A second PL061 GPIO controller, with GPIO lines for triggering
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a system reset or system poweroff</p></li>
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<li><p>A secure flash memory</p></li>
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<li><p>16MB of secure RAM</p></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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</ul>
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<p>Supported guest CPU types:</p>
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<ul class="simple">
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<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cortex-a7</span></code> (32-bit)</p></li>
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<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cortex-a15</span></code> (32-bit; the default)</p></li>
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<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cortex-a35</span></code> (64-bit)</p></li>
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<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cortex-a53</span></code> (64-bit)</p></li>
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<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cortex-a55</span></code> (64-bit)</p></li>
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<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cortex-a57</span></code> (64-bit)</p></li>
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<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cortex-a72</span></code> (64-bit)</p></li>
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<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cortex-a76</span></code> (64-bit)</p></li>
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<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cortex-a710</span></code> (64-bit)</p></li>
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<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a64fx</span></code> (64-bit)</p></li>
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<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">host</span></code> (with KVM only)</p></li>
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<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">neoverse-n1</span></code> (64-bit)</p></li>
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<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">neoverse-v1</span></code> (64-bit)</p></li>
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<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">neoverse-n2</span></code> (64-bit)</p></li>
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<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">max</span></code> (same as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">host</span></code> for KVM; best possible emulation with TCG)</p></li>
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</ul>
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<p>Note that the default is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cortex-a15</span></code>, so for an AArch64 guest you must
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specify a CPU type.</p>
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<p>Graphics output is available, but unlike the x86 PC machine types
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there is no default display device enabled: you should select one from
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the Display devices section of “-device help”. The recommended option
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is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">virtio-gpu-pci</span></code>; this is the only one which will work correctly
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with KVM. You may also need to ensure your guest kernel is configured
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with support for this; see below.</p>
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</section>
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<section id="machine-specific-options">
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<h2>Machine-specific options<a class="headerlink" href="#machine-specific-options" title="Link to this heading"></a></h2>
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<p>The following machine-specific options are supported:</p>
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<dl>
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<dt>secure</dt><dd><p>Set <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">on</span></code>/<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">off</span></code> to enable/disable emulating a guest CPU which implements the
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Arm Security Extensions (TrustZone). The default is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">off</span></code>.</p>
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</dd>
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<dt>virtualization</dt><dd><p>Set <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">on</span></code>/<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">off</span></code> to enable/disable emulating a guest CPU which implements the
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Arm Virtualization Extensions. The default is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">off</span></code>.</p>
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</dd>
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<dt>mte</dt><dd><p>Set <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">on</span></code>/<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">off</span></code> to enable/disable emulating a guest CPU which implements the
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Arm Memory Tagging Extensions. The default is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">off</span></code>.</p>
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</dd>
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<dt>highmem</dt><dd><p>Set <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">on</span></code>/<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">off</span></code> to enable/disable placing devices and RAM in physical
|
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address space above 32 bits. The default is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">on</span></code> for machine types
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later than <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">virt-2.12</span></code>.</p>
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</dd>
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<dt>compact-highmem</dt><dd><p>Set <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">on</span></code>/<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">off</span></code> to enable/disable the compact layout for high memory regions.
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The default is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">on</span></code> for machine types later than <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">virt-7.2</span></code>.</p>
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</dd>
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<dt>highmem-redists</dt><dd><p>Set <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">on</span></code>/<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">off</span></code> to enable/disable the high memory region for GICv3 or
|
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GICv4 redistributor. The default is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">on</span></code>. Setting this to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">off</span></code> will
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limit the maximum number of CPUs when GICv3 or GICv4 is used.</p>
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</dd>
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<dt>highmem-ecam</dt><dd><p>Set <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">on</span></code>/<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">off</span></code> to enable/disable the high memory region for PCI ECAM.
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The default is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">on</span></code> for machine types later than <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">virt-3.0</span></code>.</p>
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</dd>
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<dt>highmem-mmio</dt><dd><p>Set <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">on</span></code>/<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">off</span></code> to enable/disable the high memory region for PCI MMIO.
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The default is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">on</span></code>.</p>
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</dd>
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<dt>gic-version</dt><dd><p>Specify the version of the Generic Interrupt Controller (GIC) to provide.
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Valid values are:</p>
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<dl class="simple">
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<dt><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">2</span></code></dt><dd><p>GICv2. Note that this limits the number of CPUs to 8.</p>
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</dd>
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<dt><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">3</span></code></dt><dd><p>GICv3. This allows up to 512 CPUs.</p>
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</dd>
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<dt><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">4</span></code></dt><dd><p>GICv4. Requires <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">virtualization</span></code> to be <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">on</span></code>; allows up to 317 CPUs.</p>
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</dd>
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<dt><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">host</span></code></dt><dd><p>Use the same GIC version the host provides, when using KVM</p>
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</dd>
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<dt><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">max</span></code></dt><dd><p>Use the best GIC version possible (same as host when using KVM;
|
||
with TCG this is currently <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">3</span></code> if <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">virtualization</span></code> is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">off</span></code> and
|
||
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">4</span></code> if <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">virtualization</span></code> is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">on</span></code>, but this may change in future)</p>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
</dl>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
<dt>its</dt><dd><p>Set <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">on</span></code>/<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">off</span></code> to enable/disable ITS instantiation. The default is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">on</span></code>
|
||
for machine types later than <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">virt-2.7</span></code>.</p>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
<dt>iommu</dt><dd><p>Set the IOMMU type to create for the guest. Valid values are:</p>
|
||
<dl class="simple">
|
||
<dt><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">none</span></code></dt><dd><p>Don’t create an IOMMU (the default)</p>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
<dt><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">smmuv3</span></code></dt><dd><p>Create an SMMUv3</p>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
</dl>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
<dt>ras</dt><dd><p>Set <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">on</span></code>/<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">off</span></code> to enable/disable reporting host memory errors to a guest
|
||
using ACPI and guest external abort exceptions. The default is off.</p>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
<dt>dtb-randomness</dt><dd><p>Set <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">on</span></code>/<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">off</span></code> to pass random seeds via the guest DTB
|
||
rng-seed and kaslr-seed nodes (in both “/chosen” and
|
||
“/secure-chosen”) to use for features like the random number
|
||
generator and address space randomisation. The default is
|
||
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">on</span></code>. You will want to disable it if your trusted boot chain
|
||
will verify the DTB it is passed, since this option causes the
|
||
DTB to be non-deterministic. It would be the responsibility of
|
||
the firmware to come up with a seed and pass it on if it wants to.</p>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
<dt>dtb-kaslr-seed</dt><dd><p>A deprecated synonym for dtb-randomness.</p>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
</dl>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="linux-guest-kernel-configuration">
|
||
<h2>Linux guest kernel configuration<a class="headerlink" href="#linux-guest-kernel-configuration" title="Link to this heading"></a></h2>
|
||
<p>The ‘defconfig’ for Linux arm and arm64 kernels should include the
|
||
right device drivers for virtio and the PCI controller; however some older
|
||
kernel versions, especially for 32-bit Arm, did not have everything
|
||
enabled by default. If you’re not seeing PCI devices that you expect,
|
||
then check that your guest config has:</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">CONFIG_PCI</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">y</span>
|
||
<span class="n">CONFIG_VIRTIO_PCI</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">y</span>
|
||
<span class="n">CONFIG_PCI_HOST_GENERIC</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">y</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>If you want to use the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">virtio-gpu-pci</span></code> graphics device you will also
|
||
need:</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">CONFIG_DRM</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">y</span>
|
||
<span class="n">CONFIG_DRM_VIRTIO_GPU</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">y</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="hardware-configuration-information-for-bare-metal-programming">
|
||
<h2>Hardware configuration information for bare-metal programming<a class="headerlink" href="#hardware-configuration-information-for-bare-metal-programming" title="Link to this heading"></a></h2>
|
||
<p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">virt</span></code> board automatically generates a device tree blob (“dtb”)
|
||
which it passes to the guest. This provides information about the
|
||
addresses, interrupt lines and other configuration of the various devices
|
||
in the system. Guest code can rely on and hard-code the following
|
||
addresses:</p>
|
||
<ul class="simple">
|
||
<li><p>Flash memory starts at address 0x0000_0000</p></li>
|
||
<li><p>RAM starts at 0x4000_0000</p></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<p>All other information about device locations may change between
|
||
QEMU versions, so guest code must look in the DTB.</p>
|
||
<p>QEMU supports two types of guest image boot for <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">virt</span></code>, and
|
||
the way for the guest code to locate the dtb binary differs:</p>
|
||
<ul class="simple">
|
||
<li><p>For guests using the Linux kernel boot protocol (this means any
|
||
non-ELF file passed to the QEMU <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-kernel</span></code> option) the address
|
||
of the DTB is passed in a register (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">r2</span></code> for 32-bit guests,
|
||
or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">x0</span></code> for 64-bit guests)</p></li>
|
||
<li><p>For guests booting as “bare-metal” (any other kind of boot),
|
||
the DTB is at the start of RAM (0x4000_0000)</p></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</section>
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<footer><div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="Footer">
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||
<a href="stm32.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-left" title="STMicroelectronics STM32 boards (netduino2, netduinoplus2, stm32vldiscovery)" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left" aria-hidden="true"></span> Previous</a>
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|
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|
||
<hr/>
|
||
|
||
<div role="contentinfo">
|
||
<p>© Copyright 2025, The QEMU Project Developers.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
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||
<p></p>
|
||
|
||
<p>This documentation is for QEMU version 8.2.2.</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p><a href="../../about/license.html">QEMU and this manual are released under the
|
||
GNU General Public License, version 2.</a></p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
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