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<li class="breadcrumb-item active">‘virt’ Generic Virtual Platform (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">virt</span></code>)</li>
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<section id="virt-generic-virtual-platform-virt">
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<h1>‘virt’ Generic Virtual Platform (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">virt</span></code>)<a class="headerlink" href="#virt-generic-virtual-platform-virt" title="Link to this heading"></a></h1>
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<p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">virt</span></code> board is a platform which does not correspond to any real hardware;
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it is designed for use in virtual machines. It is the recommended board type
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if you simply want to run a guest such as Linux and do not care about
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reproducing the idiosyncrasies and limitations of a particular bit of
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real-world hardware.</p>
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<section id="supported-devices">
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<h2>Supported devices<a class="headerlink" href="#supported-devices" title="Link to this heading"></a></h2>
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<p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">virt</span></code> machine supports the following devices:</p>
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<ul class="simple">
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<li><p>Up to 512 generic RV32GC/RV64GC cores, with optional extensions</p></li>
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<li><p>Core Local Interruptor (CLINT)</p></li>
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<li><p>Platform-Level Interrupt Controller (PLIC)</p></li>
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<li><p>CFI parallel NOR flash memory</p></li>
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<li><p>1 NS16550 compatible UART</p></li>
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<li><p>1 Google Goldfish RTC</p></li>
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<li><p>1 SiFive Test device</p></li>
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<li><p>8 virtio-mmio transport devices</p></li>
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<li><p>1 generic PCIe host bridge</p></li>
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<li><p>The fw_cfg device that allows a guest to obtain data from QEMU</p></li>
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</ul>
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<p>The hypervisor extension has been enabled for the default CPU, so virtual
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machines with hypervisor extension can simply be used without explicitly
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declaring.</p>
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</section>
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<section id="hardware-configuration-information">
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<h2>Hardware configuration information<a class="headerlink" href="#hardware-configuration-information" title="Link to this heading"></a></h2>
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<p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">virt</span></code> machine automatically generates a device tree blob (“dtb”)
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which it passes to the guest, if there is no <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-dtb</span></code> option. This provides
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information about the addresses, interrupt lines and other configuration of
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the various devices in the system. Guest software should discover the devices
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that are present in the generated DTB.</p>
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<p>If users want to provide their own DTB, they can use the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-dtb</span></code> option.
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These DTBs should have the following requirements:</p>
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<ul class="simple">
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<li><p>The number of subnodes of the /cpus node should match QEMU’s <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-smp</span></code> option</p></li>
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<li><p>The /memory reg size should match QEMU’s selected ram_size via <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-m</span></code></p></li>
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<li><p>Should contain a node for the CLINT device with a compatible string
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“riscv,clint0” if using with OpenSBI BIOS images</p></li>
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</ul>
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</section>
|
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<section id="boot-options">
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<h2>Boot options<a class="headerlink" href="#boot-options" title="Link to this heading"></a></h2>
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<p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">virt</span></code> machine can start using the standard -kernel functionality
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for loading a Linux kernel, a VxWorks kernel, an S-mode U-Boot bootloader
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with the default OpenSBI firmware image as the -bios. It also supports
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the recommended RISC-V bootflow: U-Boot SPL (M-mode) loads OpenSBI fw_dynamic
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firmware and U-Boot proper (S-mode), using the standard -bios functionality.</p>
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</section>
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<section id="using-flash-devices">
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<h2>Using flash devices<a class="headerlink" href="#using-flash-devices" title="Link to this heading"></a></h2>
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<p>By default, the first flash device (pflash0) is expected to contain
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S-mode firmware code. It can be configured as read-only, with the
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second flash device (pflash1) available to store configuration data.</p>
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<p>For example, booting edk2 looks like</p>
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<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>$<span class="w"> </span>qemu-system-riscv64<span class="w"> </span><span class="se">\</span>
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<span class="w"> </span>-blockdev<span class="w"> </span>node-name<span class="o">=</span>pflash0,driver<span class="o">=</span>file,read-only<span class="o">=</span>on,filename<span class="o">=</span><edk2_code><span class="w"> </span><span class="se">\</span>
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<span class="w"> </span>-blockdev<span class="w"> </span>node-name<span class="o">=</span>pflash1,driver<span class="o">=</span>file,filename<span class="o">=</span><edk2_vars><span class="w"> </span><span class="se">\</span>
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<span class="w"> </span>-M<span class="w"> </span>virt,pflash0<span class="o">=</span>pflash0,pflash1<span class="o">=</span>pflash1<span class="w"> </span><span class="se">\</span>
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<span class="w"> </span>...<span class="w"> </span>other<span class="w"> </span>args<span class="w"> </span>....
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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<p>For TCG guests only, it is also possible to boot M-mode firmware from
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the first flash device (pflash0) by additionally passing <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-bios</span>
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<span class="pre">none</span></code>, as in</p>
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<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>$<span class="w"> </span>qemu-system-riscv64<span class="w"> </span><span class="se">\</span>
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<span class="w"> </span>-bios<span class="w"> </span>none<span class="w"> </span><span class="se">\</span>
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<span class="w"> </span>-blockdev<span class="w"> </span>node-name<span class="o">=</span>pflash0,driver<span class="o">=</span>file,read-only<span class="o">=</span>on,filename<span class="o">=</span><m_mode_code><span class="w"> </span><span class="se">\</span>
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<span class="w"> </span>-M<span class="w"> </span>virt,pflash0<span class="o">=</span>pflash0<span class="w"> </span><span class="se">\</span>
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<span class="w"> </span>...<span class="w"> </span>other<span class="w"> </span>args<span class="w"> </span>....
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>Firmware images used for pflash must be exactly 32 MiB in size.</p>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="machine-specific-options">
|
||
<h2>Machine-specific options<a class="headerlink" href="#machine-specific-options" title="Link to this heading"></a></h2>
|
||
<p>The following machine-specific options are supported:</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><p>aclint=[on|off]</p>
|
||
<p>When this option is “on”, ACLINT devices will be emulated instead of
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||
SiFive CLINT. When not specified, this option is assumed to be “off”.
|
||
This option is restricted to the TCG accelerator.</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><p>aia=[none|aplic|aplic-imsic]</p>
|
||
<p>This option allows selecting interrupt controller defined by the AIA
|
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(advanced interrupt architecture) specification. The “aia=aplic” selects
|
||
APLIC (advanced platform level interrupt controller) to handle wired
|
||
interrupts whereas the “aia=aplic-imsic” selects APLIC and IMSIC (incoming
|
||
message signaled interrupt controller) to handle both wired interrupts and
|
||
MSIs. When not specified, this option is assumed to be “none” which selects
|
||
SiFive PLIC to handle wired interrupts.</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><p>aia-guests=nnn</p>
|
||
<p>The number of per-HART VS-level AIA IMSIC pages to be emulated for a guest
|
||
having AIA IMSIC (i.e. “aia=aplic-imsic” selected). When not specified,
|
||
the default number of per-HART VS-level AIA IMSIC pages is 0.</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="running-linux-kernel">
|
||
<h2>Running Linux kernel<a class="headerlink" href="#running-linux-kernel" title="Link to this heading"></a></h2>
|
||
<p>Linux mainline v5.12 release is tested at the time of writing. To build a
|
||
Linux mainline kernel that can be booted by the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">virt</span></code> machine in
|
||
64-bit mode, simply configure the kernel using the defconfig configuration:</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>$<span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">export</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">ARCH</span><span class="o">=</span>riscv
|
||
$<span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">export</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">CROSS_COMPILE</span><span class="o">=</span>riscv64-linux-
|
||
$<span class="w"> </span>make<span class="w"> </span>defconfig
|
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$<span class="w"> </span>make
|
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</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
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<p>To boot the newly built Linux kernel in QEMU with the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">virt</span></code> machine:</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>$<span class="w"> </span>qemu-system-riscv64<span class="w"> </span>-M<span class="w"> </span>virt<span class="w"> </span>-smp<span class="w"> </span><span class="m">4</span><span class="w"> </span>-m<span class="w"> </span>2G<span class="w"> </span><span class="se">\</span>
|
||
<span class="w"> </span>-display<span class="w"> </span>none<span class="w"> </span>-serial<span class="w"> </span>stdio<span class="w"> </span><span class="se">\</span>
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<span class="w"> </span>-kernel<span class="w"> </span>arch/riscv/boot/Image<span class="w"> </span><span class="se">\</span>
|
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<span class="w"> </span>-initrd<span class="w"> </span>/path/to/rootfs.cpio<span class="w"> </span><span class="se">\</span>
|
||
<span class="w"> </span>-append<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"root=/dev/ram"</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>To build a Linux mainline kernel that can be booted by the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">virt</span></code> machine
|
||
in 32-bit mode, use the rv32_defconfig configuration. A patch is required to
|
||
fix the 32-bit boot issue for Linux kernel v5.12.</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>$<span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">export</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">ARCH</span><span class="o">=</span>riscv
|
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$<span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">export</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">CROSS_COMPILE</span><span class="o">=</span>riscv64-linux-
|
||
$<span class="w"> </span>curl<span class="w"> </span>https://patchwork.kernel.org/project/linux-riscv/patch/20210627135117.28641-1-bmeng.cn@gmail.com/mbox/<span class="w"> </span>><span class="w"> </span>riscv.patch
|
||
$<span class="w"> </span>git<span class="w"> </span>am<span class="w"> </span>riscv.patch
|
||
$<span class="w"> </span>make<span class="w"> </span>rv32_defconfig
|
||
$<span class="w"> </span>make
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>Replace <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">qemu-system-riscv64</span></code> with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">qemu-system-riscv32</span></code> in the command
|
||
line above to boot the 32-bit Linux kernel. A rootfs image containing 32-bit
|
||
applications shall be used in order for kernel to boot to user space.</p>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="running-u-boot">
|
||
<h2>Running U-Boot<a class="headerlink" href="#running-u-boot" title="Link to this heading"></a></h2>
|
||
<p>U-Boot mainline v2021.04 release is tested at the time of writing. To build an
|
||
S-mode U-Boot bootloader that can be booted by the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">virt</span></code> machine, use
|
||
the qemu-riscv64_smode_defconfig with similar commands as described above for Linux:</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>$<span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">export</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">CROSS_COMPILE</span><span class="o">=</span>riscv64-linux-
|
||
$<span class="w"> </span>make<span class="w"> </span>qemu-riscv64_smode_defconfig
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>Boot the 64-bit U-Boot S-mode image directly:</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>$<span class="w"> </span>qemu-system-riscv64<span class="w"> </span>-M<span class="w"> </span>virt<span class="w"> </span>-smp<span class="w"> </span><span class="m">4</span><span class="w"> </span>-m<span class="w"> </span>2G<span class="w"> </span><span class="se">\</span>
|
||
<span class="w"> </span>-display<span class="w"> </span>none<span class="w"> </span>-serial<span class="w"> </span>stdio<span class="w"> </span><span class="se">\</span>
|
||
<span class="w"> </span>-kernel<span class="w"> </span>/path/to/u-boot.bin
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>To test booting U-Boot SPL which in M-mode, which in turn loads a FIT image
|
||
that bundles OpenSBI fw_dynamic firmware and U-Boot proper (S-mode) together,
|
||
build the U-Boot images using riscv64_spl_defconfig:</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>$<span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">export</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">CROSS_COMPILE</span><span class="o">=</span>riscv64-linux-
|
||
$<span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">export</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">OPENSBI</span><span class="o">=</span>/path/to/opensbi-riscv64-generic-fw_dynamic.bin
|
||
$<span class="w"> </span>make<span class="w"> </span>qemu-riscv64_spl_defconfig
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>The minimal QEMU commands to run U-Boot SPL are:</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>$<span class="w"> </span>qemu-system-riscv64<span class="w"> </span>-M<span class="w"> </span>virt<span class="w"> </span>-smp<span class="w"> </span><span class="m">4</span><span class="w"> </span>-m<span class="w"> </span>2G<span class="w"> </span><span class="se">\</span>
|
||
<span class="w"> </span>-display<span class="w"> </span>none<span class="w"> </span>-serial<span class="w"> </span>stdio<span class="w"> </span><span class="se">\</span>
|
||
<span class="w"> </span>-bios<span class="w"> </span>/path/to/u-boot-spl<span class="w"> </span><span class="se">\</span>
|
||
<span class="w"> </span>-device<span class="w"> </span>loader,file<span class="o">=</span>/path/to/u-boot.itb,addr<span class="o">=</span>0x80200000
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>To test 32-bit U-Boot images, switch to use qemu-riscv32_smode_defconfig and
|
||
riscv32_spl_defconfig builds, and replace <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">qemu-system-riscv64</span></code> with
|
||
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">qemu-system-riscv32</span></code> in the command lines above to boot the 32-bit U-Boot.</p>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="enabling-tpm">
|
||
<h2>Enabling TPM<a class="headerlink" href="#enabling-tpm" title="Link to this heading"></a></h2>
|
||
<p>A TPM device can be connected to the virt board by following the steps below.</p>
|
||
<p>First launch the TPM emulator:</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>$<span class="w"> </span>swtpm<span class="w"> </span>socket<span class="w"> </span>--tpm2<span class="w"> </span>-t<span class="w"> </span>-d<span class="w"> </span>--tpmstate<span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">dir</span><span class="o">=</span>/tmp/tpm<span class="w"> </span><span class="se">\</span>
|
||
<span class="w"> </span>--ctrl<span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">type</span><span class="o">=</span>unixio,path<span class="o">=</span>swtpm-sock
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>Then launch QEMU with some additional arguments to link a TPM device to the backend:</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>$<span class="w"> </span>qemu-system-riscv64<span class="w"> </span><span class="se">\</span>
|
||
<span class="w"> </span>...<span class="w"> </span>other<span class="w"> </span>args<span class="w"> </span>....<span class="w"> </span><span class="se">\</span>
|
||
<span class="w"> </span>-chardev<span class="w"> </span>socket,id<span class="o">=</span>chrtpm,path<span class="o">=</span>swtpm-sock<span class="w"> </span><span class="se">\</span>
|
||
<span class="w"> </span>-tpmdev<span class="w"> </span>emulator,id<span class="o">=</span>tpm0,chardev<span class="o">=</span>chrtpm<span class="w"> </span><span class="se">\</span>
|
||
<span class="w"> </span>-device<span class="w"> </span>tpm-tis-device,tpmdev<span class="o">=</span>tpm0
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>The TPM device can be seen in the memory tree and the generated device
|
||
tree and should be accessible from the guest software.</p>
|
||
</section>
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
|
||
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|
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<p>This documentation is for QEMU version 8.2.2.</p>
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|
||
<p><a href="../../about/license.html">QEMU and this manual are released under the
|
||
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