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<section id="protected-virtualization-on-s390x">
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<h1>Protected Virtualization on s390x<a class="headerlink" href="#protected-virtualization-on-s390x" title="Link to this heading"></a></h1>
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<p>The memory and most of the registers of Protected Virtual Machines
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(PVMs) are encrypted or inaccessible to the hypervisor, effectively
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prohibiting VM introspection when the VM is running. At rest, PVMs are
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encrypted and can only be decrypted by the firmware, represented by an
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entity called Ultravisor, of specific IBM Z machines.</p>
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<section id="prerequisites">
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<h2>Prerequisites<a class="headerlink" href="#prerequisites" title="Link to this heading"></a></h2>
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<p>To run PVMs, a machine with the Protected Virtualization feature, as
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indicated by the Ultravisor Call facility (stfle bit 158), is
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required. The Ultravisor needs to be initialized at boot by setting
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<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">prot_virt=1</span></code> on the host’s kernel command line.</p>
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<p>Running PVMs requires using the KVM hypervisor.</p>
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<p>If those requirements are met, the capability <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">KVM_CAP_S390_PROTECTED</span></code>
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will indicate that KVM can support PVMs on that LPAR.</p>
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</section>
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<section id="running-a-protected-virtual-machine">
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<h2>Running a Protected Virtual Machine<a class="headerlink" href="#running-a-protected-virtual-machine" title="Link to this heading"></a></h2>
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<p>To run a PVM you will need to select a CPU model which includes the
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<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Unpack</span> <span class="pre">facility</span></code> (stfle bit 161 represented by the feature
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<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">unpack</span></code>/<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">S390_FEAT_UNPACK</span></code>), and add these options to the command line:</p>
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<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">-</span><span class="nb">object</span> <span class="n">s390</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">pv</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">guest</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nb">id</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">pv0</span> \
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<span class="o">-</span><span class="n">machine</span> <span class="n">confidential</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">guest</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">support</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">pv0</span>
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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<p>Adding these options will:</p>
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<ul class="simple">
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<li><p>Ensure the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">unpack</span></code> facility is available</p></li>
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<li><p>Enable the IOMMU by default for all I/O devices</p></li>
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<li><p>Initialize the PV mechanism</p></li>
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</ul>
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<p>Passthrough (vfio) devices are currently not supported.</p>
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<p>Host huge page backings are not supported. However guests can use huge
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pages as indicated by its facilities.</p>
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</section>
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<section id="boot-process">
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<h2>Boot Process<a class="headerlink" href="#boot-process" title="Link to this heading"></a></h2>
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<p>A secure guest image can either be loaded from disk or supplied on the
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QEMU command line. Booting from disk is done by the unmodified
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s390-ccw BIOS. I.e., the bootmap is interpreted, multiple components
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are read into memory and control is transferred to one of the
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components (zipl stage3). Stage3 does some fixups and then transfers
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control to some program residing in guest memory, which is normally
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the OS kernel. The secure image has another component prepended
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(stage3a) that uses the new diag308 subcodes 8 and 10 to trigger the
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transition into secure mode.</p>
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<p>Booting from the image supplied on the QEMU command line requires that
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the file passed via -kernel has the same memory layout as would result
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from the disk boot. This memory layout includes the encrypted
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components (kernel, initrd, cmdline), the stage3a loader and
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metadata. In case this boot method is used, the command line
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options -initrd and -cmdline are ineffective. The preparation of a PVM
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image is done via the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">genprotimg</span></code> tool from the s390-tools
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collection.</p>
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